By Judith Gallova 

By Jakub Głuszek

Editors’ Note: This article is republished with permission from the Old Oldham Era. Jakub won third place in the statewide 2023 Jim Claypool Art and Conservation Writing Contest. Jakub is a junior in high school in Oldham county.

In my home country, we didn’t see much wildlife. The occasional deer or pheasant wandering across the field adjacent to our house was enough to spark excitement in my family. In Europe, 18% of vertebrates and 24% of invertebrates are threatened with extinction, while dozens of other species have already disappeared. This massive decline was caused by hundreds of years of unsustainable land exploitation. The European Union has done its best to reverse this loss, but the damage has already been done. This was the reality that my parents and I were used to…until we moved to Kentucky. Suddenly I found myself in a place where deer are a garden nuisance, where bears surprise unsuspecting hikers, where hummingbirds dash between suburban woodlots, and where nature seems to have retained much of its wild vigor. In Kentucky, there is hope for the fantastic array of wildlife and the ecosystems they inhabit to be preserved for future generations. Although it’s too late for some, like green-blossom pearly mussels and Bachman’s warblers, it’s crucial that people take action to ensure that other species don’t go down the same path.

One of the most important ways that wildlife can be preserved is through habitat conservation. Organisms cannot survive without the place and conditions that have shaped their evolution, because their adaptations only work for those conditions. Habitat conservation is preserving certain types of habitat in order to preserve the species that depend on it. Today, many habitats in Kentucky have been degraded by pollution, mining, clearcutting, agriculture, urban sprawl, alterations to natural water flow, and invasive species. The destruction of habitat has had a widespread and noticeable impact on Kentucky. Runoff from mining operations and dam construction caused native mussels to decline rapidly. Destruction of prairies and milkweed plants crashed populations of the monarch butterfly. Invasive feral pigs outcompete turkeys and small mammals for food. This is why it’s important to conserve the remaining pieces of healthy habitat by protecting them from these threats. State and federal action has been taken to conserve habitat by setting aside areas to be protected (ex: Jefferson Memorial Forest), but in a state where 95% of the land is privately owned, the importance of landowners in habitat management cannot be understated.

Habitat conservation is essential, but it’s not enough to indefinitely support Kentucky’s wildlife. Currently, only 7% of the state is protected land. And while half of Kentucky’s land area is forested, most of these forests are small, disjunct woodlots consisting mostly of edge habitat. Edge habitat is prone to invasion by exotic species, and doesn’t provide the stable conditions required by many organisms. Furthermore, some habitats have been almost completely destroyed, such as prairies and wetlands. There simply isn’t enough of these habitats left to support the unique organisms that depend on them. That is why there needs to be habitat restoration. There are multiple ways to go about this. One of these is forming wildlife corridors. Wildlife corridors are strips of habitat that are created to join natural areas with each other. This is important because many patches of habitat in Kentucky are too small to provide enough resources for some species, and their disjointedness makes it difficult for migratory animals to travel. Linking together these bits of habitat effectively creates a web of nature that allows species to successfully forage and migrate.

Another method of habitat restoration is the restoration of natural processes. For example, fire was an essential component of Kentucky’s landscape, and maintained large tracts of prairie throughout the state. However, fire suppression by European settlers caused most of these prairies to develop into closed-canopy woodland, thereby eliminating the open grassland habitat necessary for wildlife like the elk and greater prairie chicken. Returning fire to the landscape would help restore these habitats. In Eastern Kentucky, Native Americans used fire for thousands of years to maintain grasslands and savannas, in order to support elk. When settlers arrived, they not only stopped this fire regime and let the grasslands turn to forest, but extensively hunted the elk. Unsurprisingly, elk were soon extirpated from the state. Yet, for the last twenty years, Kentucky Fish and Wildlife has been prescribe-burning land reclaimed from mining operations to support elk reintroduction. Originally, 1,500 elk were brought in from western states. Now, 10,000 elk roam the mountains of Kentucky, proving the importance of fire in habitat restoration. The discussion on habitat restoration would not be complete without mentioning native plants. Being autotrophs, native plants are the foundation of all local ecosystems, and restoring habitat often starts with restoring them. For many insects, their habitats are the native plants themselves. Take the case of the endangered monarch butterfly. Their whole life cycle revolves around a single genus of plants: the milkweeds. When milkweeds declined because of human activity, so did monarchs. When conservation agencies encouraged people to plant milkweeds, monarch population increased. This rather simple way of restoring habitat via native plants is extensively discussed by entomologist Douglas Tallamy in his book, Bringing Nature Home, and is an important strategy for supporting wildlife in suburban areas.

Although Kentucky has changed drastically since the arrival of settlers, much of the indigenous fauna has persisted to this day. However, threats to the state’s rich animal diversity have not only increased, but become more numerous with time. Wildlife conservation—through the protection and restoration of habitat, and restoration of native vegetation—is the only logical path forward. Ignorance of this matter would spell disaster not just for the animals themselves, but for Kentucky’s environment as a whole. Similarly, we cannot treat habitat management as purely the responsibility of conservation agencies, as Kentucky is almost entirely private property. It’s imperative that everyone takes steps to support wildlife conservation, whether it’s by incorporating native plants into their landscapes or advocating for the protection of wild areas. It’s our responsibility, as stewards of this state, to ensure a biodiverse and sustainable future for the next generations by preserving land and keeping it wild

Works Cited
Abernathy, Greg. “A Natural Commonwealth – KNLT.” Kentucky Natural Lands Trust, 9 February 2016, https://knlt.org/a-natural-commonwealth/. Accessed 26 November 2023.
“Art and Writing Contest – Kentucky Energy and Environment Cabinet.” Kentucky Energy and Environment Cabinet, https://eec.ky.gov/Natural-Resources/Conservation/Pages/Art-and-Writing-Contest.aspx. Accessed 26 November 2023.
Davis, Josh. “One fifth of all species in Europe threatened with extinction.” Natural History
Museum, 9 November 2023, https://www.nhm.ac.uk/discover/news/2023/november/one-fifth-of-all-species-in-europethreatened-with-extinction.html. Accessed 26 November 2023.
“Europe – Wildlife, Fauna, Ecosystems.” Britannica, https://www.britannica.com/place/Europe/Animal-life. Accessed 26 November 2023.
“Habitat | Biodiversity, Ecosystems & Conservation.” Britannica, 9 October 2023, https://www.britannica.com/science/habitat-biology. Accessed 26 November 2023.
“Improve Your Land for Wildlife – Kentucky Department of Fish & Wildlife.” Kentucky Fish and Wildlife, https://fw.ky.gov/Wildlife/Pages/Improve-Your-Land-for-Wildlife.aspx. Accessed 26 November 2023.
Lavaty, Greg. “Greater Prairie-Chicken.” American Bird Conservancy, https://abcbirds.org/bird/greater-prairie-chicken/. Accessed 27 November 2023.
Tallamy, Douglas W. Bringing Nature Home: How You Can Sustain Wildlife with Native Plants, Updated and Expanded. Timber Press, 2009.
“U.S. Wildlife officials declare two Ky. native species, seven Tenn. species extinct.” WKMS, 17
October 2023, https://www.wkms.org/environment/2023-10-17/u-s-wildlife-officials-declare-two-ky-native-species-seven-tenn-species-extinct. Accessed 26 November 2023.
“Wild Pig Home – Kentucky Department of Fish & Wildlife.” Kentucky Fish and Wildlife https://fw.ky.gov/InvasiveSpecies/Pages/Wild-Pig-Home.aspx. Accessed 26 November
2023.

Greetings, I’m Jakub Głuszek, a junior at North Oldham High School. Originally from Poland, my family and I moved to Kentucky as expats in 2015. I’ve always had a fascination with nature, which now fuels my ambition to delve deeper into ecology and botany in college. I volunteer at Ironweed Native Plant Nursery in Waddy, where I find inspiration from individuals who have turned their passion into a profession. I enjoy exploring wild areas, growing native plants, and traveling.

Jonathan Omar Cole Kubesch, an associate editor and contributor to The Ladyslipper, graduated with his PhD in Crop, Soil, and Environmental Sciences from Virginia Tech on December 15, 2023.

Jonathan has been an advocate for native plants and ecosystems in unconventional spaces throughout the Midwest and Upper South. His doctoral work was part of a National Institute of Food and Agriculture grant regarding bee-friendly beef. Jonathan’s work focused on the establishment of complex native grass and wildflower mixtures in grazing systems to enhance livestock productivity and welfare as well as provide resources to native pollinators.

Jonathan’s dissertation abstract is presented below:

“Tall fescue grasslands are the dominant form of grasslands in the North American transition zone, however, warm-season forages provide necessary forage for livestock in the summer. Pollinators require steady forage availability in the same fashion as cattle. Native warm-season grasses (NWSG) and wildflowers (WF) could be incorporated into tall fescue (TF) grasslands to improve pollinator resources within agricultural landscapes without sacrificing livestock production. This balance of ecosystem services can be considered bee-friendly beef. Previous establishment experiments suggest that bee-friendly beef is a possibility, although establishment and persistence of NWSG-WF stands warrants additional research. Three small plot experiments were conducted to evaluate different planting methods designed to optimize establishment of NWSG-WF stands. Additionally, a grazing study examined whether NWSG-WF pasture enhancement could improve animal performance in TF grazing systems. The small plot experiments experienced extreme weed competition in the establishment year, although plots with higher NWSG content had fewer weeds over time. Floral production was comparable across treatment, which suggests lower WF seeding rates can generate comparable pollinator resources. Major findings from these experiments suggested that spatial or temporal separation of NWSGWF was unnecessary to generate successful establishment, varying the ratio of NWSG-WF in seed mixtures produced similar establishment outcomes, and that adding companion crops to NWSG-WF mixtures did not improve establishment success appreciably. In the grazing experiment, animal performance was improved in the biodiverse grazing systems when heifers 3 had access to the NWSG. Biodiverse and shaded grazing systems modified animal behavior and reduced body temperature relative to control grazing systems, although only biodiverse grazing systems improved animal performance. Native WF species failed to establish within the biodiverse grazing system, but white clover provided all subsequent floral production. Establishing WF in pastures is challenging and warrants additional study on more effective weed control strategies and systems to ensure establishment success. Selecting WF for agronomic performance or breeding such plant material will be necessary to improve emergence and establishment dynamics. Ideally trait data can identify the optimal WF species for specific grazing systems. Biodiverse NWSG-WF can be highly effective at improving summer weight gain in beef cattle. Future studies should focus on finding a more optimal balance of NWSG, WF, and TF that can benefit beef cattle production, pollinator services, and ecosystem services regarding soil and water quality, as well as pasture resiliency to dynamic conditions.”